{"id":106713,"date":"2020-02-17T08:48:39","date_gmt":"2020-02-17T13:48:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ucf.edu\/news\/?p=106713"},"modified":"2024-02-05T13:32:35","modified_gmt":"2024-02-05T18:32:35","slug":"why-is-leap-year-a-thing","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ucf.edu\/news\/why-is-leap-year-a-thing\/","title":{"rendered":"Why is Leap Year a Thing?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Every four years \u2014 well almost every four, but we\u2019ll get to that later \u2014 an extra day gets tagged on to the month of February.<\/p>\n

Humans have been practicing Leap Year since the days of Julius Caesar and the Roman Empire, but why?<\/p>\n

UCF Physics Professor Josh Colwell<\/a> explains the science behind the need for Leap Year and other facts you may not know about the bonus day.<\/p>\n

Leap Year exists because of the time it takes the Earth to orbit the Sun.<\/h3>\n

There are 365 days in most calendar years, but in the time it takes for the Earth to go around the sun once, our planet actually spins 365 and nearly a quarter times. The reason we care about that extra quarter is because the Earth has seasons.<\/p>\n

To know when to plant and harvest your crops it\u2019s nice to have a calendar where spring always starts in March and the longest day of the year is in June and the shortest day is in December.<\/p>\n

“In order to have that consistency in the seasons from year to year, we have to periodically make a correction [to the calendar].”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Because there\u2019s that extra quarter of a day in the year, it means we have to reset our calendar periodically. Otherwise, start dates of seasons would gradually drift by a quarter of a day every year. After 40 years, we\u2019d be 10 days off. So the start of the season would be 10 days different than it would be 40 years before. After hundreds of years, summer could be starting in November. So in order to have that consistency in the seasons from year to year, we have to periodically make a correction.<\/p>\n

A Leap Year happens every four years except for when it doesn\u2019t.<\/h3>\n

We add a leap day every four years except if it is a year that is divisible by 100 unless it happens to also be divisible by 400. Did I confuse you enough with that formula?<\/p>\n

So that means 1900 was not a leap year. Nor was it a leap year in 1800, nor will it be in 2100. But 2000 was a leap year because it was divisible by 400. We skip it in three out of every four of those century years. We will skip it in 2100, 2200 and 2300 but we will not skip it in 2400.<\/p>\n

We do this because a year is not exactly 365.25 days long. It\u2019s actually closer to 365.24 days long. The 365-day calendar including Leap Year was adopted during Julius Caesar\u2019s time, but they didn\u2019t account for that small difference. This minute discrepancy meant that the “Julian Calendar” drifted off course by one day every 128 years, and by the 14th century it had drifted 10 days off schedule. Pope Gregory XIII fixed the issue by instituting a revised \u201cGregorian Calendar\u201d in 1582, which we still use today. Fun fact: when this calendar was created, to fix that 10 day drift, Oct. 4, 1582, was followed by Oct. 15, 1582. By skipping those years not divisible by 400, we keep the calendar in check.<\/p>\n

Leap Year doesn\u2019t necessarily have to occur in February.<\/h3>\n

Our collection of months is very peculiar. If we have a calendar that\u2019s based on a 7-day week, there are 52 weeks plus one day in 365 days. Theoretically, you could have 13 months of 28 days and then have one loaner day \u2014 say New Year\u2019s Day \u2014 that isn\u2019t in a month. The particular mish-mash of 28-30-31 days that we have in our calendar is a question for an historian more than an astronomer.<\/p>\n

February gets it because it is shorter than the other months. But it really doesn\u2019t matter. You could put it anywhere.<\/p>\n

We also observe leap seconds \u2014 they\u2019re just not as well known.<\/h3>\n

“Even having Leap Year doesn\u2019t get our calendars exactly right. So periodically the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service adds leap seconds to our daily lives we don\u2019t notice.”<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Every four years we add a day \u2014 except not quite every four years because we have that divisible-by-400 rule. So even having Leap Year doesn\u2019t get our calendars exactly right. So periodically the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service\u00a0adds leap seconds to our daily lives we don\u2019t notice, especially now that most people\u2019s clocks are updated automatically on their cell phones. We add a leap second less than once a year. There have only been 27 leap seconds since 1972. They are based on very precise measurements of the rotation of the Earth, which isn\u2019t perfectly constant, to bring things into alignment.<\/p>\n

Ultimately these things are tied to the motion of the Earth around the sun and the exact rotation of the Earth and little tiny things adjust that interaction between the Earth and the moon that causes little slow downs and speed ups. All of these things are little adjustments so that our written calendar, which we use to organize our daily lives, lines up as closely as possible to the astronomical calendar, which for us is important because of seasons.<\/p>\n

If we lived on any other planet besides Earth, we\u2019d still need to observe Leap Year.<\/h3>\n

On some planets, like Venus, it rotates so slowly, that the difference between the time it takes to rotate and the time from noon to noon is very extreme. The longest solar day of any of the planets in the solar system is on Mercury. Its day is about 176 Earth-days long. Venus\u2019 day is 117 Earth days long and it rotates backwards compared to the direction it goes around the sun. Uranus is tipped almost exactly on its side so for its northern summer, the sun is directly over the north pole. And for its northern winter it would be complete darkness in the northern hemisphere for years because it takes it 84 years to go around the sun. So the seasons can be quite extreme on other planets. We\u2019re set up well here on Earth.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

UCF Physics Professor Josh Colwell explains the science behind the need for Leap Year and other facts you may not know about the bonus day.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":98,"featured_media":106714,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"lazy_load_responsive_images_disabled":false,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":"","_wp_rev_ctl_limit":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[364,2557,4361],"tu_author":[],"class_list":["post-106713","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-science-technology","tag-astronomy","tag-joshua-colwell","tag-space"],"yoast_head":"\nWhy Do We Need Leap Year?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"UCF physics Professor Josh Colwell explains the science behind the need for Leap Year and other facts you may not know about the bonus day.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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